凋零的羽

这是一篇一个系列里面的一篇文章，若想看这个系列，请点击英汉对译技巧系列看这个系列的文章

这是一篇本该昨天就写的，但昨天出了点事故，所以今天补。先说说上次留下的作业吧，老师已经放出翻译了，敬请观赏： 

1) 我昨天带来并放在书架上的一本新的英汉成语词典对于翻译很有用处。

英汉句子比较

1）英语重形合，汉语重意合。

      西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。

      英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章往往化整为零。（王力）

 

2）英语主谓机制突出，介词、名词尤其是抽象名词用得多。

The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

      由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

(compound: to make sth. Bad become even worse by causing further harm

paucity: a small amount of sth.)

 

           The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

对比

 

Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has

become more serious because there are not enough information media.

 

In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had nothing for two days.

在非洲，我遇到了一个小孩，他哭得伤心极了。我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没吃饭了。

Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.

 

     卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。

汉语中动词占优势

He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate, and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendour.

他一边吃，一边瞪着大眼睛环顾四周，不禁暗自发笑；眼前这一派富丽繁华，说不定某一天会统统落进我地手掌心

这一带我不熟悉，天黑之后继续调查，取得结果的希望不大。

 

4） There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.

    这一带我不熟悉，天黑之后继续调查，取得结果的希望不大。

主语的确定

确定主语时应遵循以下原则：

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这是一篇一个系列里面的一篇文章，若想看这个系列，请点击英汉对译技巧系列看这个系列的文章

又是一个星期五，所以承接上个星期的英汉对译技巧（1），做如下笔记：

–Because there isn’t a single person in it.

4) At a wedding a man loses his bachelor’s degree and a woman wins her master’s

6) A teacher came to a prison to teach the inmates English. He began his lesson by saying “I suppose you all know what a sentence is.”

另外，中外都有的东西，由于历史、文化的不同而赋予了不同的含义，如：

第二讲、英汉两种语言的比较

英：印欧语系 拼音文字 1500多年的历史 综合型向分析型语言发展的语言汉：汉藏语系 表意文字 6000多年的历史 分析型为主

一、英汉词汇的对比

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      上学期结束之前，我选了一门全校性公选课，就是Translation Between English and Chinese（英汉对议技巧）自开学以来，今天是第二堂课了，再此做个笔记：

先提供几个英语学习网站，我觉得很不错哦:-)

      http://www.listeningexpress.net
      http://www.putclub.com
      http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/index.html

先看看翻译的标准有什么：

      严复：信、达、雅
     鲁迅：忠实、通顺、美
     faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance

引用了严复和鲁迅的，其实这大致上是差不多的意思。但是做到这点往往很难

（一）正确地理解原文
1、理解语言现象：译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等。
例1：Suddenly the line went limp. “I’m going back,” said Kurth, “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
电线突然耷拉了下来。”库尔思说，“我回去看看。一定是哪个地方断了。稍等，我五分钟就回来。

例2： John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.
约翰现与父母同住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已经三年了。
例3：Bill wants to marry a Norwegian woman.

有趣的就是这个第三例,可以理解成Bill想和一个挪威的女人结婚，也可以理解成为Bill为这个挪威的女人主持婚礼，所以这要看上下文

2.  理解逻辑关系
1) It is good for him to do that.
a.这样做对他有好处。B. 他这样做是件好事。
2) He didn’t marry her because he loved her.

有点古怪的翻译：
a.他没有娶她，因为他爱她。
b.他不是因为爱她才与她结婚的。

看看下面的多重意思：

The Seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus.
a. The seniors were demonstrating and were asked, on campus, to desist.
b. The seniors were demonstrating and were asked to desist on campus (although they could demonstrate elsewhere).
c. The seniors were demonstrating on campus and were asked to desist.
d. People were demonstrating on campus, and seniors were asked to stop them.
e. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, on campus, to stop them .
f. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, to stop them from doing so on campus (although they could do it elsewhere) .

3. 理解原文所涉及的事物
如： John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
约翰既忠诚又正直，可以信赖。

（ 二）准确地表达
1、Literal translation 直译

2、Liberal translation 意译
3、直译＋意译1.直译(literal translation)：就是在译文语言条件许可下，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式—-特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族特色。

如：
对外开放取得新进展，1990年该省共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。
New progress had been made in the course of opening to the outside world. In 1990, the province approved 99 “Three Forms of Ventures” (Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, and wholly foreign-funded enterprises), and the total number of the “Three Forms of Ventures” reached 284.

有些英语谚语、习语等已融入到现代汉语中，可直译。如：
to kill 2 birds with one stone       一石二鸟
rolling stone gathers no moss     滚石不生苔
A cat has 9 lives.                        猫有9命

All roads lead to Rome.            条条大路通罗马

All that glitters is not gold.          发光的不一定都是金子

2、意译(liberal/free translation) ：在受到社会文化局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求译文与原文的内容相符合和主要语言功能相似的方(liberal/free translation)法。如：

1、他只会马走日、象走田。
2.John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
3. The child is father to the man. 

第一条其实只是想说他只是微懂象棋的走法，除了马和相，其他都不会走的意思，所以应该可以翻译为：

He only knows basic moves of Chinese Chess.

第二条引用了一条，to eat to fish这样一个典故，是想说明John 的忠诚（loyal）和诚实（honest）

典故： to eat no fish: 英国伊丽沙白女王时代，耶酥教徒为了表示对政府的忠诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在周五只吃鱼的习惯。
To play the game: to play the game fair.

第三条是没办法直译的，你会发现直译的结果让人看了像火星文。我们中国有句话叫：三岁至老。意思是说小时候怎么样，长大了也就怎么样。

看看咱中国的：
A hedge between keeps friendship green.

君子之交淡如水。
A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

3、音译(transliteration)：指用音位为单位在英译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文主要语言功能的翻译方法。如：
carnation:康乃馨
sofa 沙发
coffee 咖啡
toffee  太妃糖
气功：qigong
饺子：jiaozi（今天我才知道，别人说的dumpling跟这饺子还是有差别的-.-!）

豆腐：doufu

气功：qigong

4、直译、意译、音译等各种翻译方法相结合。如：
阴阳学说：
The doctrine of Yin and Yang (in Chinese philosophy, medicine, etc., the two opposing principles in nature, the former feminine and negative, the latter masculine and positive.)

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