凋零的羽

Written on 3 14, 2008 // English Corner.
English Corner, 英汉对译技巧

这是一篇一个系列里面的一篇文章，若想看这个系列，请点击英汉对译技巧系列看这个系列的文章

又是一个星期五，所以承接上个星期的英汉对译技巧（1），做如下笔记：

3、音译(transliteration)：指用音位为单位在英译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文主要语言功能的翻译方法。如：

carnation:康乃馨

sofa 沙发

coffee 咖啡

toffee 太妃糖

气功：qigong

饺子：jiaozi

客上天然居，居然天上客。

•山石岩边古木枯，此木是柴。白水泉边女子好，少女最妙。

•孔夫子搬家－－净是书（输）。

•冻雨洒窗，东两点，西三点。

•外甥打灯笼—照旧（舅）

4、直译、意译、音译等各种翻译方法相结合。如：

阴阳学说：

The doctrine of Yin and Yang (in Chinese philosophy, medicine, etc., the two opposing principles in nature, the former feminine and negative, the latter masculine and positive.)

Coca Cola 可口可乐

UFO（Unidentified Flying Object）幽浮

文化的共性：一种语言的词汇可在另一种语言中找到意义相符的词，如：

教室－classroom

儿子－son

茶－tea

教授－professor

文化的个性：东西方文化差异较大，有些东西具有不可译性，或者很难准确的译出，如汉语中的格律诗、词等，再如与文字形式密切相关的，如回文诗、拆字对联、歇后语等。例：

1) –What’s the relation between the door-mat and the door?

–A step farther

2) –“Call me a taxi,” said the fat man.

–“Okay,” said the doorman. “You are a taxi, but you look more like a truck to me.” 3) –Why is a room full of married people very empty？

–Because there isn’t a single person in it.

4) At a wedding a man loses his bachelor’s degree and a woman wins her master’s

5) –What can I do for you, Mr. Smith?

一、英语词义在汉语中的对应程度有几种情况：

–Well, doctor, my nose runs and my feet smell.

–Hmmm, that’s awkward. You’re built upside down.

6) A teacher came to a prison to teach the inmates English. He began his lesson by saying “I suppose you all know what a sentence is.”

7) When Mrs. Smith came home one night she was horrified to find her son with his hands round his pet rabbit’s neck, shaking it and shouting, “Come on then. What’s five and three?

•“Stop it at once,” she yelled. “What are you doing?”

•“Well, teacher told us that rabbits could multiply quickly. This one can’t even add five and three.”

另外，中外都有的东西，由于历史、文化的不同而赋予了不同的含义，如：

She’s a dragon.

let sleeping dogs lie. 别惹麻烦.
a jolly dog 风趣之人

a cat-and-dog life 争争吵吵的日子

Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意之时

Give a dog a bad name and hang him. 欲加之罪，何患无辞

If the old dog barks, he gives the counsel. 老狗叫，是忠告。
Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌
He is a lucky dog. 他是个幸运儿。
not have a dog’s chance 毫无机会
top dog 当权派；头儿
a gay dog 一个快乐的人

1)We had plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists—and dust.

2)“It’s an order from President Bush.” “I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.”

A 我们有很多以马车装载和骡子负载的旅游者这种方式的同伴—和尘土。

B 跟我们做伴的真不少，有乘马车的游客，有骑骡子的游客—一路尘土飞扬

C 我们的旅伴真不少：马车载的，骡子驮的，还有滚滚尘

2） A “这是布什总统的命令。”“我才不在意它是来自灌木、树，还是草。”

B “这是布什总统的命令。”“我才不在乎它是来自布什、树木还是草呢。”

第二讲、英汉两种语言的比较

英：印欧语系拼音文字 1500多年的历史综合型向分析型语言发展的语言汉：汉藏语系表意文字 6000多年的历史分析型为主

一、英汉词汇的对比

1、可以完全对应，主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称，如：

The U.S. State Department美国国务院

2、部分对应，在意义上有广义和狭义之分，如：

marry：嫁，娶，结婚

sister, brother, grandfather, niece, nephew, aunt, uncle, cousin, brother-in-law, etc.

3、英语中许多词一词多义，其中所表示的各个词义分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应，这种情况下只有联系上下文才能确定。如：

KILL:

1） I’d killed myself over the manuscript during the summer.

2） They put insulating panels to kill the noise.

3） He killed his time every day at the park.

4） These flowers kill easily.

5） She is dressed to kill.

6） She kills her child with kindness.

STORY:

1)Oh, what a story!

2)To make a long story short.

3)It’s another story now.

4)He storied about his academic career and his professional career.

5)I don’t buy your story.

6)The story about him became smaller and faded from the public by and by.

7)It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.

WEAR:

1)The boy wore dark glasses, blue jacket and green scarf.

2)The young woman wore thick makeup and short hair.

3)She wears a cheerful smile.

4)The old man wore whiskey on his breath.

5)She wears her head high.

6)Today the city wears its history in its architecture.

7)The water has worn the rock as smooth as glass.

They were worn with a long journey.

说

说英语 speak English

说谎 tell a lie

他说他忙得连吃饭都顾不过来了。He said that he…

我说不清楚 I cannot express myself clearly.

他跟我说起过你。He mentioned you in our conversation.

副

以“副”字的表示副职的行政职务头衔，可用vice、deputy表达。

副总统 vice president

副主席 vice chairman

副总理 vice minister

副秘书长 deputy secretary-general

副书记 deputy secretary

学术头衔的“副”职称，常用associate表示。

副教授 associate professor

副研究员 associate research fellow

副审判长 associate judge

副主任医师 associate doctor

学术头衔中的初级职称如“助理”，可用assistant

助理教授 assistant professor

助理研究员 assistant research fellow

助理工程师 assistant engineer

二、词序的对比

汉英主、谓、宾、表的顺序是一致的，只是定语和状语

的顺序有差异。

（一）定语

1、前置定语：汉语

定语一般前置英语单词做定语前置；短语和从句

做定语后置。

数量－大小/长短/高矮/－形状－新旧－颜色－产地/国籍－质地如：

一张木头小圆桌

a small round wooden table

一件粉红色的羊绒大衣

a pink cashmere coat

一个旧的绿色大箱子

an big old green box

外国的先进经验

advanced foreign experiences

一个年轻的美国艺术家

a young American artistFor such an occasion, you need a red silk shirt.
John’s office is equipped with some new white steel furniture.
My friend’s restaurant serves delicious red French wine.
The lecturer’s first long public speech was a real success.
There are some comfortable round black chairs in the living room.

注：

①同词类的修饰语一般没有什么严格的顺序，但习惯上，长的或音节多的形容词，最好排在后头：
This is a dull, difficult and badly-organized essay.

这篇文章枯燥难懂，结构凌乱。

②词义较重要的修饰语，也较后才出现：
That person‘s destiny is bad and tragic.
那人的命运很悲惨。

2、后置定语

1）单词做定语

Ⅰ 以able、ible结尾的形容词(具有被动意义的)，如available, reliable, obtainable, etc.. 如：

a) We must try to help them in every way possible.

b) Are there any tickets available?

还有票吗？

c) He is the only person reliable.

他是唯一可靠的人。

d) This is the earliest edition obtainable.

这是能找到的最早版本。

e) That’s the only star visible now.

那是现在唯一可见的星星。

注：

① 有些以able或者ible结尾的形容词无被动意义，所以不能置于中心词之后，如sensible, unreasonable, etc.

② 中心词之前大都有形容词最高级或者all, the only, every 等修饰词。

Ⅱ中心词为some, no, any，加上thing, body, one构成的复合代词时，eg.:

a) Let us do something exciting.

b) Have you ever met someone famous?

c) They sat there with their feet over the bench, talking about things gone and things coming.

Ⅲ 具有表语力量的形容词。如：

a)All the people present began to shout: “Welcome! Welcome!”

在场的人都开始高呼：“欢迎！欢迎！”

b) The guests present included some foreign friends.

在场的客人中有些外国有人。

c) That is the bill due today.

那是今天应付的帐单。

d) He was the only person awake at the moment.

他是那是唯一醒着的人。

e) I’m the happiest man alive!

我是世上最幸福的人！

f) The house ablaze is next door to me．

那家着火的房子就在我的隔壁。

g) a letter with 5 cents postage due

一封欠资5分的信

h) A boat adrift is a danger to navigation.

漂流的船对于航行是危险的。

i) We saw a house afire.

我们看见一座房子着火了。

Ⅳ 成对的形容词作定语（被修饰的名词之前多有其它定语），一般用or, and, either…or, both…and等连结。如：

1) All people, old and young, came out to greet the guests.

2)国家不论大小，都各有长处和短处。

Every nation, big or small, has its strong points and weak points.

3) 古今中外的书他都喜欢。

He likes all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.

4) There was a huge cupboard，simple and beautiful．

有一个大食橱，简单美观。

Ⅴ 分词作定语，若非强调较为永久性的特点，而强调本身的动作，则通常要后置。如：

The people involved

The man speaking

The department concerned

The problem discussed

Most of the people singing are students.

注：有些词可前置也可后置，但位置不同则意思亦不同，需加以注意。如：

a responsible man 可信赖的人

a man responsible 应负责任的人

the present people the people present

现在的人在场的人

2）短语作定语

a)他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。

He had made a thorough study of all dialects spoken in Scotland.

b) 在太空中有各种肉眼看不见的波。

There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eyes in the aerospace.

c) 日本是我们一衣带水的邻邦

Japan is our close neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.

d) 上海是我国最大的工业基地之一。

Shanghai is one of the biggest industrial base in our country.

e) 我昨天带来并放在书架上的一本新的英汉成语词典对于翻译很有用处．

d) 这几篇专为大学生编写的最新实用翻译讲稿，在理论原则和技巧指导上有许多特点。

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This entry was posted on 星期五, 3月 14th, 2008 at 8:27 下午 and is filed under English Corner. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.