英汉对译技巧（3）
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这是一篇本该昨天就写的，但昨天出了点事故，所以今天补
。先说说上次留下的作业吧，老师已经放出翻译了，敬请观赏：
1) 我昨天带来并放在书架上的一本新的英汉成语词典对于翻译很有用处。
英汉句子比较
1）英语重形合，汉语重意合。
西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。
英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章往往化整为零。（王力）
2）英语主谓机制突出，介词、名词尤其是抽象名词用得多。
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
(compound: to make sth. Bad become even worse by causing further harm
paucity: a small amount of sth.)
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
对比
Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has
become more serious because there are not enough information media.
In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had nothing for two days.
在非洲，我遇到了一个小孩，他哭得伤心极了。我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没吃饭了。
Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。
汉语中动词占优势
He could not help, too, rolling his large eyes round him as he ate, and chuckling with the possibility that he might one day be lord of all this scene of almost unimaginable luxury and splendour.
他一边吃，一边瞪着大眼睛环顾四周，不禁暗自发笑；眼前这一派富丽繁华，说不定某一天会统统落进我地手掌心
这一带我不熟悉，天黑之后继续调查，取得结果的希望不大。
4） There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.
这一带我不熟悉，天黑之后继续调查，取得结果的希望不大。
主语的确定
确定主语时应遵循以下原则：
1、必须符合英语的语言习惯，如：
1) 总是在失去友谊的时候才感到真正友谊的可贵。
The value of true friendship is seldom known until it is lost.
2）我们别后没发生什么事。
3）希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
Nothing has happened since we parted.It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
4）我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。
I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.
5）There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met
我去了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事情可多着呢。
6）从前海边的一个村子里住着个老渔民。
7）我们是在俱乐部遇到他的。
Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.It was in the club that we met her.
8）应该理解，犯错误是人之常情。
It should be understood that to err is human.
(human: showing the weakness that are typical of people, which means that other people should not criticize the person too much)
9) 水稻竟能在这样的地方生长，这实在是个奇迹。
It is simply a miracle that rice should grow in such a place.
10) 完成这项工作花了我们五年的时间。
It took us five years to finish this project.
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.
b. 在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.
2）在历史上，由于长江不断改道在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
The constant changes of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.
In history many lakes taken shape as a result of the constant changes of the Changjiang River in the areas around Wuhan.
3）众所周知，中国在1980年成功地发射了第一颗洲际导弹。
As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of China’s first intercontinental guided missile.
再如：
a. 在最后一段的行程中，我坐在椅子上，淌着汗，四肢无力，浑身酸痛.
The end of the last journey saw me upon a chair, perspiring, flaccid, aching
b. 这些岛屿上发生过很多重大的历史事件。
These islands witnessed a lot of historic events.
c. 五世纪是罗马帝国的崩溃时期。
The 5th century saw the end of the Rome Empire.
d. 世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。
The world has witnessed different roads to modernization.
4）下倾盆大雨了。
It is raining cats and dogs.
再如：到这地方坐火车要一夜。
It is about a night’s journey to the place by train.
5）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
6）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.
7）从他办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
A glance though his office window offers a panoramic（全景的） view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
再如：
a. 从这里可以看到富士山。
A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here.
b. 只要再行车一小时，我们就可到达那个小村。
Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.
c. 有了现代化飞机，世界似乎比以前小了。
Fast modern airplanes have made the world seem a smaller space.
d. 由于工作很忙，答复稍迟了些。
Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.
我国厂家的产品包装和广告宣传明显比不上外国竞争对手。
The packaging and advertising propaganda of our companies can’t compare with foreign competitors．
Our companies is inferior to foreign competitors in product packaging，and advertising．
9) 农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。
Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position.
10）His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him.
他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。
3、应该是句中需突出的信息
1）去年年底，我公司已与几十国家与地区的客户签订了上百份合同与协议。
By the end of last year, more than a hundred contracts and agreements were signed with customers of tens of countries and areas.
2）我给你打国际长途就跟给楼下的黎平打电话一样容易。
An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Li Ping downstairs.
3）此后，武汉先后与一些世界名城如美国的匹兹堡市建立了友好关系，从而揭开了武汉与外国城市建立友好关系的新的一页。
Since then Wuhan has established friendly relations with several famous cities of the world, such as Pittsburgh in the United States. Thus a new page has been opened in the history of Wuhan on the establishment of sister city relations with cities in other countries.
4、必须符合句中的逻辑关系
六种汉语主语：
我想我英语没有通过。 1、真是太荒唐了。
2、热得我满头大汗。
3、最近又盖了许多高楼大厦。
4、你竟然喜欢他，真是有趣。
5、大家指望那位老教授会来参加我们的晚会。
7、就只剩下二十八美元了。
8、我一见到那个孤儿，总会想起他的父母。
9、四月一日，会议召开了。
10、第一架喷气式飞机1952年在英国开始飞行。
11、已达成了一项协议
16、 一想到还要回学校上课,我就感到十分害怕。
17、 尽管人们全力以赴,还是无法控制住这场大火。
18、新年那天,他们参加节日活动,玩得很开心。
19、他在第二次大战中屡建战功,晋升很快。
A man was arriving by plane at Heathrow airport, UK. Before entering the UK you have to fill in an immigration sheet and the flight attendant has just distributed those papers to the passengers. In the box for SEX in the card the Arab prince wrote "Yes, please". The flight attendant collected the papers but came back to the Arab prince and said "Sir, here you have to write "male" or ‘female". The prince said, "Oh, it doesn’t matter for me."
2）热烈欢迎世界各地客户来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.
再如：
Suddenly he had a new idea.
这是一篇一个系列里面的一篇文章，若想看这个系列，请点击英汉对译技巧系列看这个系列的文章